Hypoparathyroidism
Also listed as: Parathyroid - underactive
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition that occurs when the parathyroid glands, located in your neck, do not make enough parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in your blood. If you have hypoparathyroidism, your body has too little calcium and too much phosphorus. Hypoparathyroidism may be either inherited or acquired (from injury to the glands or, more rarely, from surgery on the thyroid gland).
Signs and Symptoms
Most symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are a result of the following signs of having too little calcium in the blood:
-
Muscle spasm or cramping, typically in hands or feet (tetany)
-
Hair loss
-
Dry skin or malformed nails
-
Numbness, tingling, or burning, especially around the mouth and fingers
-
Candidiasis (yeast infection)
-
Seizures
The following signs and symptoms often appear in children with hypoparathyroidism:
-
Poor tooth development
-
Vomiting
-
Headaches
-
Mental deficiency
What Causes It?
There are a number of causes of hypoparathyroidism:
-
Underdeveloped or missing parathyroid glands at birth
-
Medical treatment (radiation to thyroid gland, drug treatment, thyroid or parathyroid surgery)
-
An underlying medical condition such as cancer, neck trauma, Wilson's disease, too much iron in tissues, low levels of magnesium
Who's Most At Risk?
People with the following conditions or characteristics are at risk for developing hypoparathyroidism:
-
Family history of parathyroid disorder
-
Thyroid or neck surgery
-
Taking medications that suppress the parathyroid gland
-
Surgery or removal of the parathyroid gland
What to Expect at Your Provider's Office
Your health care provider will check for muscle spasms, twitching, and seizures. Your health care provider will examine the skin for problems such as dry skin, thinning hair, and fungal infections. In children, the health care provider will ask about and check for tooth development and developmental progress. Blood tests can check levels of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and parathyroid hormone.
Treatment Options
Prevention
There is no way to prevent inherited hypoparathyroidism. Thyroid and parathyroid surgery once resulted in damage to parathyroid glands, often causing hypoparathyroidism. Today's surgical techniques, however, make this much less likely.
Treatment Plan
The main treatment for hypothyroidism is aimed at restoring the levels of calcium in the body. If you have hypoparathyroidism, you will probably have to take calcium and vitamin D (which is required for the body to absorb calcium) supplements for the rest of your life. To treat tetany (muscle spasms), calcium will be given intravenously (IV). You may also be prescribed diuretics (water pills) to prevent losing too much calcium in the urine and to reduce the amount of calcium and vitamin D needed.
It is important to get regular checkups so your doctor can monitor the levels of calcium and phosphorus in your blood over time.
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Calcium and vitamin D supplements are the main treatment for hypoparathyroidism. Your doctor will prescribe the right dose based on your blood tests. Do not change your dose without your doctor's supervision. Your doctor will also recommend taking calcium in divided doses several times a day, to help your body absorb it properly.
Nutrition and Supplements
The following supplements may help in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. Do not take these supplements without your doctor's supervision.
-
Magnesium helps the body absorb calcium. Often people with hypoparathyroidism have low levels of magnesium.
-
Boron also helps the body absorb calcium.
-
Vitamin K, produced by bacteria in the intestines or obtained through diet (such as dark leafy greens) helps cells throughout your body take in calcium. Do not take vitamin K if you take blood-thinning medication or have any history of a clotting disorder.
Foods rich in calcium include:
-
Almonds
-
Legumes
-
Dark leafy greens
-
Blackstrap molasses
-
Oats
-
Sardines
-
Tahini
-
Prunes
-
Apricots
Your doctor may recommend you take calcium with a glass of orange juice -- some forms of calcium are better absorbed in an acidic environment. You can also add acid to your diet by squeezing over lemon juice over leafy greens. The following recommendations may also help you keep calcium levels steady:
-
Limit carbonated beverages. They are high in phosphates, which can leach calcium from your bones.
-
Avoid caffeine (such as in coffee, black tea, colas, and chocolate). Caffeine can lead to calcium loss through the urine.
Herbs
Herbs rich in minerals such as silica have been used historically to support normal bone growth. If you take a calcium supplement, do not take these herbs without your doctor's supervision:
-
Horsetail (
Equisetum arvense
)
-
Oat straw (
Avena sativa
)
Homeopathy
Although very few studies have examined the effectiveness of specific homeopathic therapies, professional homeopaths may consider the following remedies for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism based on their knowledge and experience. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and psychological makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate treatment for each individual.
-
Calcarea carbonica
(calcium carbonate)
-
Calcarea phosphorica
(calcium phosphate).
Prognosis/Possible Complications
If hypoparathyroidism is diagnosed early, the prognosis is good. If it is not diagnosed early, complications may occur, including acute muscle spasms leading to breathing problems; cataracts; muscle, ligament, and nervous system disorders; and stunted growth, tooth malformations, and mental retardation in childhood.
Following Up
People with hypoparathyroidism require lifelong monitoring by a health care provider.
Supporting Research
Beers MH, Porter RS, et al.
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.
18th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2006:1252-1253.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
. 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1998.
Gupta MM. Calcium imbalance in hypoparathyroidism.
J Assoc Physicians India
. 1991;39(8):616-618.
Han YH. Hypoparathyroidism. Medical College of Wisconsin. Accessed on October 27, 2000.
Reber PM, Heath H III. Hypocalcemic emergencies.
Med Clin North Am
. 1995;79(1):93-106
Stuckey BG, Lim EM, Kent GN, Ward LC, Gutteridge DH. Bisphosphonate therapy for Paget's disease in a patient with hypoparathyroidism: profound hypocalcemia, rapid response, and prolonged remission.
J Bone Miner Res.
2001 Sep;16(9):1719-23.
-
Review Date:
12/11/2006
-
Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D., private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
|
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's
accreditation program
is the first of its kind, requiring compliance with 53 standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audit. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s
editorial process
. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics (www.hiethics.com) and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).
|
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-2007
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
